Staphylococcal enterotoxin b and t cell activation

After many of years of observation by immunologists that lymphocytes proliferated when enterotoxin was added to whole blood in test tubes, John Kappler dubbed them superantigens Kappler, The following references use SEB as a control for stimulate T-cells:. Use our handy citations finder to search for our Staphylococcal toxins used in research. The significance of T-cell stimulation by SEB has been the topic of much hypothesis and discussion.

SEB and other enterotoxins are used in investigations of innate immunity to bacterial infections, signaling by toll-like receptors, and the modulation of inflammatory responses, especially cytokine stimulation Kumar, ; Ortega, ; Vidlak, ; Edwards, The function, origin, and role in adaptation that t-cell stimulation serves will be a topic of ongoing scientific debate.

Immunol Today. Inhibition of functional properties of tetanus antigen-specific T-cell clones by envelope glycoprotein GP of human immunodeficiency virus. Role of CD4 molecule in the induction of interleukin 2 and interleukin 2 receptor in class II major histocompatibility complex-restricted antigen-specific T helper clones.

J Clin Invest. Transmembrane signalling by the T cell antigen receptor. Perturbation of the T3-antigen receptor complex generates inositol phosphates and releases calcium ions from intracellular stores. J Exp Med. Perturbation of the T4 molecule transmits a negative signal to T cells. Signal transduction through CD4 receptors: stimulatory vs.

Eur J Immunol. Effect of human immunodeficiency virus gp glycoprotein on the association of the protein tyrosine kinase p56lck with CD4 in human T lymphocytes. J Biol Chem. T cell stimulation by staphylococcal enterotoxins. Clonally variable response and requirement for major histocompatibility complex class II molecules on accessory or target cells. The CD4 molecule is not always required for the T cell response to bacterial enterotoxins. Activation of polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis in T cells by H-2 alloantigen but not MLS determinants.

This phenomenon has been implicated in the etiology of developmental psychiatric disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. However, fewer studies have examined the role of direct activation of maternal T-cells during pregnancy using microbial agents. Half of the injected pregnant animals were brought to term, and their offspring were tested on a series of behavioral tasks starting at six weeks of age postnatal day 42 [P42].

In addition, pregnancy induced an inhibitory effect on cytokine production.